diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 7b3b410..f087087 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -17,3 +17,5 @@ build_scripts/win/current_build.bat
 AdvancedSettings_resource.rc
 .qtc_clangd/
 out/
+# Steam Frame release packages (build_scripts/steamframe/package-release.sh)
+dist/
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 20f03d5..b28e4a8 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -283,8 +283,10 @@ if(NOT WIN32 AND NOT APPLE)
     set_property(TARGET AdvancedSettings PROPERTY OUTPUT_NAME AdvancedSettings_app)
     # libopenvr_api.so is copied next to the executable (see "openvrApiCopy");
     # $ORIGIN makes the loader look there, in the build tree and in packages.
+    # BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH: only $ORIGIN, without the build machine's
+    # link directories (the build tree is what gets packaged).
     set_target_properties(AdvancedSettings PROPERTIES
-        BUILD_RPATH "$ORIGIN"
+        BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH ON
         INSTALL_RPATH "$ORIGIN"
     )
 endif()
@@ -594,3 +596,12 @@ install(SCRIPT ${deploy_script})
     #        "${COPY_DEST_DIR}/AdvancedSettings.exe"
     #)
 endif ()
+
+# Tests (off by default). test/render checks the render backends
+# (docs/steamframe/DESIGN.md, "Tests"); build_scripts/steamframe/
+# container-test.sh runs them with the Vulkan validation layers.
+option(OVRAS_BUILD_TESTS "Build the tests" OFF)
+if (OVRAS_BUILD_TESTS)
+    enable_testing()
+    add_subdirectory(test/render)
+endif ()
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/aarch64-linux-gnu.cmake b/build_scripts/steamframe/aarch64-linux-gnu.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0065b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/aarch64-linux-gnu.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# CMake toolchain: cross-compile for aarch64 Linux (Steam Frame) inside
+# cross-arm64.Dockerfile (Debian multiarch). Used by container-build.sh.
+# Adapted from the vrdashboard template.
+
+set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Linux)
+set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR aarch64)
+
+set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER   aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER aarch64-linux-gnu-g++)
+
+# Debian multiarch: target libraries live in /usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu;
+# headers are shared.
+set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE aarch64-linux-gnu)
+set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu)
+set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY BOTH)
+set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE BOTH)
+set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
+set(ENV{PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR} /usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/pkgconfig:/usr/share/pkgconfig)
+
+# Qt 6 cross builds need a host Qt for its code generators (moc, rcc,
+# qmlcachegen, ...).
+set(QT_HOST_PATH /usr CACHE PATH "Host Qt prefix")
+set(QT_HOST_PATH_CMAKE_DIR /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/cmake CACHE PATH "Host Qt CMake dir")
+set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH /usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/cmake)
+
+set(CMAKE_OBJDUMP aarch64-linux-gnu-objdump)
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/container-build.sh b/build_scripts/steamframe/container-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5279a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/container-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Builds OVRAS for the Steam Frame inside a Debian container (Qt 6.8, the
+# series of the Frame's system Qt). Result: build/steamframe-<mode>/Release/,
+# packaged by package-release.sh. Adapted from the vrdashboard template.
+#
+#   build_scripts/steamframe/container-build.sh cross   x86_64 host -> aarch64
+#   build_scripts/steamframe/container-build.sh native  for the host's own
+#                                     architecture (on the Frame: native arm64)
+#   build_scripts/steamframe/container-build.sh <mode> shell
+#                                     interactive shell in that container
+#
+# Uses podman if available, else docker (override with CONTAINER_ENGINE).
+set -euo pipefail
+
+here="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+root="$(cd "$here/../.." && pwd)"
+mode="${1:-}"
+case "$mode" in
+    cross)  dockerfile=cross-arm64.Dockerfile
+            toolchain="-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=build_scripts/steamframe/aarch64-linux-gnu.cmake" ;;
+    native) dockerfile=native.Dockerfile; toolchain="" ;;
+    *) echo "usage: $0 cross|native [shell]" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+esac
+image="ovras-steamframe-${dockerfile%.Dockerfile}"
+engine="${CONTAINER_ENGINE:-$(command -v podman || command -v docker)}"
+build="build/steamframe-$mode"
+
+"$engine" build -q -t "$image" -f "$here/$dockerfile" "$here" >/dev/null
+
+# Run as the calling user, so the build tree isn't owned by root.
+run=("$engine" run --rm -v "$root:$root:z" -w "$root")
+if [[ "$(basename "$engine")" == docker ]]; then
+    run+=(--user "$(id -u):$(id -g)")
+else
+    run+=(--userns=keep-id)
+fi
+[[ -t 0 ]] && run+=(-it)
+
+if [[ "${2:-}" == shell ]]; then
+    exec "${run[@]}" "$image" bash
+fi
+
+# OVRAS_STEAM_FRAME: Frame capabilities and defaults
+# (src/utils/platform_capabilities.h).
+"${run[@]}" "$image" bash -c "
+    set -e
+    cmake -S . -B $build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+          -DOVRAS_STEAM_FRAME=ON $toolchain
+    cmake --build $build
+"
+echo "Built: $root/$build/Release"
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/container-test.sh b/build_scripts/steamframe/container-test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6504a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/container-test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Builds and runs the tests (OVRAS_BUILD_TESTS) in a Debian container with
+# both render backends, Vulkan with the Khronos validation layers. Fails on any
+# validation message. Adapted from the vrdashboard template.
+#
+#   build_scripts/steamframe/container-test.sh          GPU via /dev/dri if
+#                                                       available, else software
+#   VK_DRIVER=lvp build_scripts/steamframe/container-test.sh
+#                                                       force lavapipe (software)
+set -euo pipefail
+
+here="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+root="$(cd "$here/../.." && pwd)"
+engine="${CONTAINER_ENGINE:-$(command -v podman || command -v docker)}"
+"$engine" build -q -t ovras-steamframe-native -f "$here/native.Dockerfile" "$here" >/dev/null
+"$engine" build -q -t ovras-steamframe-test -f "$here/test.Dockerfile" "$here" >/dev/null
+
+run=("$engine" run --rm -v "$root:$root:z" -w "$root" -e HOME=/tmp -e "VK_DRIVER=${VK_DRIVER:-}")
+if [[ "$(basename "$engine")" == docker ]]; then
+    run+=(--user "$(id -u):$(id -g)")
+else
+    run+=(--userns=keep-id)
+fi
+[[ -e /dev/dri/renderD128 ]] && run+=(--device /dev/dri/renderD128)
+
+"${run[@]}" ovras-steamframe-test bash -c '
+    set -e
+    build=build/steamframe-test
+    cmake -S . -B $build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DOVRAS_BUILD_TESTS=ON >/dev/null
+    cmake --build $build --target tst_render
+    if [[ -n "$VK_DRIVER" ]]; then export VK_DRIVER_FILES=/usr/share/vulkan/icd.d/${VK_DRIVER}_icd.json; fi
+    vulkaninfo --summary 2>/dev/null | grep -m1 deviceName || true
+    Xvfb :99 >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+    sleep 1
+    export DISPLAY=:99 OVRAS_VULKAN_VALIDATION=1
+    ctest --test-dir $build --output-on-failure -V > $build/ctest.log 2>&1 \
+        || { tail -40 $build/ctest.log; exit 1; }
+    grep -E "tests passed|Test +#|Totals" $build/ctest.log
+    # A skipped test (no GPU context) must not count as passed.
+    if grep -q "SKIP" $build/ctest.log; then
+        echo "Tests were skipped (see $build/ctest.log)"; exit 1
+    fi
+    messages=$(grep -oE "(VUID|UNASSIGNED)-[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+" $build/ctest.log | sort | uniq -c || true)
+    if [[ -n "$messages" ]]; then
+        echo "Vulkan validation messages (see $build/ctest.log):"
+        echo "$messages"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "No Vulkan validation messages."
+'
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/cross-arm64.Dockerfile b/build_scripts/steamframe/cross-arm64.Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fc5f08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/cross-arm64.Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Cross-compilation environment for the Steam Frame (aarch64), from an x86_64
+# host via Debian multiarch: the compiler and Qt's code generators (moc, rcc,
+# qmlcachegen) run natively as amd64 builds, the target libraries are the
+# arm64 builds. Debian trixie ships Qt 6.8, the series of the Frame's system
+# Qt (SteamOS holo 0.4.3: 6.8.0). Adapted from the vrdashboard template.
+FROM debian:trixie
+
+ENV LANG=C.UTF-8
+
+RUN dpkg --add-architecture arm64 \
+ && apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates cmake ninja-build pkgconf file \
+        g++-aarch64-linux-gnu binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu \
+        qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-declarative-dev qt6-declarative-dev-tools \
+        qt6-base-dev:arm64 qt6-declarative-dev:arm64 qt6-multimedia-dev:arm64 \
+        qt6-websockets-dev:arm64 qt6-svg-dev:arm64 \
+        libgl-dev:arm64 libegl-dev:arm64 libvulkan-dev:arm64 libxkbcommon-dev:arm64 \
+        libx11-dev:arm64 libxt-dev:arm64 libxtst-dev:arm64 libpulse-dev:arm64 \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/deploy-to-frame.sh b/build_scripts/steamframe/deploy-to-frame.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..639c33c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/deploy-to-frame.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Copies the newest package (package-release.sh) to the Steam Frame over SSH
+# and runs its install.sh there (registers with SteamVR and starts it; an
+# existing installation in the same place is updated). SteamVR must be running
+# on the Frame. Adapted from the vrdashboard template.
+#
+#   build_scripts/steamframe/deploy-to-frame.sh <ssh-target> [package-dir] [remote-dir]
+#   e.g. build_scripts/steamframe/deploy-to-frame.sh steamos@frame
+#
+# remote-dir defaults to "AdvancedSettings" in the remote home directory.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+target="${1:?usage: $0 <ssh-target> [package-dir] [remote-dir]}"
+root="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../.." && pwd)"
+package="${2:-$(ls -dt "$root"/dist/AdvancedSettings-*-linux-arm64 2>/dev/null | head -1)}"
+[[ -n "$package" && -x "$package/install.sh" ]] || {
+    echo "No package found (run build_scripts/steamframe/package-release.sh first)" >&2; exit 1; }
+# Without the version: updates go to the same place and replace the old one.
+remote="${3:-AdvancedSettings}"
+
+# Keep the log of earlier runs on the Frame.
+rsync -a --delete --exclude AdvancedSettings.log "$package/" "$target:$remote/"
+ssh "$target" "\$HOME/$remote/install.sh"
+echo "Installed $(basename "$package") to $target:~/$remote"
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/native.Dockerfile b/build_scripts/steamframe/native.Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20fb681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/native.Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Native build environment (any architecture). On x86_64 it is the base of the
+# test container (test.Dockerfile); on the Steam Frame itself (aarch64, e.g.
+# with podman) it builds the same package as the cross build. Debian trixie
+# ships Qt 6.8, the series of the Frame's system Qt. Adapted from the
+# vrdashboard template.
+FROM debian:trixie
+
+ENV LANG=C.UTF-8
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates cmake ninja-build pkgconf file g++ \
+        qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-declarative-dev qt6-declarative-dev-tools \
+        qt6-multimedia-dev qt6-websockets-dev qt6-svg-dev \
+        libgl-dev libegl-dev libvulkan-dev libxkbcommon-dev \
+        libx11-dev libxt-dev libxtst-dev libpulse-dev \
+        qml6-module-qtquick qml6-module-qtqml-workerscript qml6-module-qtquick-window \
+        qt6-qpa-plugins \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/package-release.sh b/build_scripts/steamframe/package-release.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..1daa90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/package-release.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Builds OVRAS for the Steam Frame (aarch64) and packages it:
+#   dist/AdvancedSettings-<version>-linux-arm64/  (+ .tar.gz)
+# The package uses SteamOS's own Qt (no Qt bundled). It contains the program
+# folder as OVRAS expects it (binary, libopenvr_api.so, manifests, res/) plus
+# install.sh, uninstall.sh, run.sh and README.txt. Adapted from the
+# vrdashboard template.
+#
+#   build_scripts/steamframe/package-release.sh [--no-build]
+set -euo pipefail
+
+here="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+root="$(cd "$here/../.." && pwd)"
+build=1
+for arg in "$@"; do
+    case "$arg" in
+        --no-build) build=0 ;;
+        *) echo "usage: $0 [--no-build]" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+    esac
+done
+# On the Frame itself build natively, elsewhere cross-compile.
+if [[ "$(uname -m)" == aarch64 ]]; then mode=native; else mode=cross; fi
+
+(( build )) && "$here/container-build.sh" "$mode"
+
+exe=AdvancedSettings_app
+bin="$root/build/steamframe-$mode/Release"
+version="$(sed -n 's/^CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION:[A-Z]*=//p' "$root/build/steamframe-$mode/CMakeCache.txt")"
+[[ "$(file -b "$bin/$exe")" == *aarch64* ]] || { echo "$bin/$exe is not an aarch64 build" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+package="AdvancedSettings-$version-linux-arm64"
+out="$root/dist/$package"
+rm -rf "$out" "$out.tar.gz"
+mkdir -p "$out"
+cp -a "$bin/." "$out/"
+
+# The scripts start the program from the package folder: OVRAS writes its log
+# (AdvancedSettings.log) to the working directory. Process names are cut to
+# 15 characters, so running instances are found by command line.
+cat > "$out/install.sh" <<EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+# Installs or updates OVR Advanced Settings: registers it with SteamVR (starts
+# automatically with SteamVR from now on) and starts it now. SteamVR must be
+# running. Works over SSH.
+cd "\$(dirname "\$0")" || exit 1
+# An update replaces the files of a running instance: stop it first.
+pkill -f "/$exe( |\\\$)" 2>/dev/null && sleep 1
+./$exe --force-install-manifest || exit 1
+# Start now. Over SSH there is no display; Qt needs one even for off-screen
+# rendering, so use the Frame's (:0).
+DISPLAY="\${DISPLAY:-:0}" nohup ./$exe >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+echo "Installed and started."
+EOF
+
+cat > "$out/uninstall.sh" <<EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+# Unregisters OVR Advanced Settings from SteamVR and stops it. The folder can
+# be deleted afterwards.
+cd "\$(dirname "\$0")" || exit 1
+pkill -f "/$exe( |\\\$)" 2>/dev/null
+exec ./$exe --force-remove-manifest
+EOF
+
+cat > "$out/run.sh" <<EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+# Restarts OVR Advanced Settings with the given graphics API, for testing:
+#   ./run.sh [opengl|vulkan]   (default: opengl)
+cd "\$(dirname "\$0")" || exit 1
+pkill -f "/$exe( |\\\$)" 2>/dev/null && sleep 1
+DISPLAY="\${DISPLAY:-:0}" nohup ./$exe --graphics-api "\${1:-opengl}" >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+echo "Started with \${1:-opengl}; log: \$(pwd)/AdvancedSettings.log"
+EOF
+chmod +x "$out/install.sh" "$out/uninstall.sh" "$out/run.sh"
+
+cat > "$out/README.txt" <<EOF
+OVR Advanced Settings $version for the Steam Frame (SteamOS, aarch64)
+
+Uses the system's Qt (SteamOS: Qt 6.8 or newer).
+
+Install / update:  ./install.sh     (SteamVR must be running)
+                   SteamVR remembers this folder's location: after moving it,
+                   run ./install.sh again.
+Uninstall:         ./uninstall.sh
+Test a graphics API: ./run.sh opengl | ./run.sh vulkan
+Log:               AdvancedSettings.log in the working directory (this folder
+                   when started by the scripts)
+
+License: GPL-3.0 (LICENSE); OpenVR: LICENSE-VALVE.
+EOF
+
+tar -C "$root/dist" -czf "$out.tar.gz" "$package"
+echo "Release folder: $out"
+echo "Archive:        $out.tar.gz ($(du -h "$out.tar.gz" | cut -f1))"
diff --git a/build_scripts/steamframe/test.Dockerfile b/build_scripts/steamframe/test.Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad581da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_scripts/steamframe/test.Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Test environment on top of native.Dockerfile: Mesa Vulkan/GL drivers (incl.
+# the lavapipe software rasterizer), the Khronos validation layers and Xvfb.
+# See container-test.sh. Adapted from the vrdashboard template.
+FROM ovras-steamframe-native
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        mesa-vulkan-drivers vulkan-validationlayers vulkan-tools libgl1-mesa-dri \
+        xvfb xauth \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
diff --git a/docs/steamframe/DESIGN.md b/docs/steamframe/DESIGN.md
index e992183..26ed19d 100644
--- a/docs/steamframe/DESIGN.md
+++ b/docs/steamframe/DESIGN.md
@@ -211,27 +211,39 @@ existing code:
 
 | File | Purpose |
 |---|---|
-| `cross-arm64.Dockerfile` | Debian container with Qt 6.8 (aarch64 multiarch), CMake, Vulkan headers, X11/Xtst, libpulse |
+| `cross-arm64.Dockerfile` | Debian trixie (Qt 6.8) with arm64 multiarch libraries, cross compiler |
+| `native.Dockerfile` | The same for the host's own architecture (on the Frame: native build); base of the test container |
+| `test.Dockerfile` | Mesa (incl. lavapipe), Vulkan validation layers, Xvfb |
 | `aarch64-linux-gnu.cmake` | Cross-compile toolchain |
-| `container-build.sh` | Configures the build (`OVRAS_STEAM_FRAME=ON`) and builds it in the container |
-| `package-release.sh` | Folder with the binary, `libopenvr_api.so`, `res/`, manifests, `install.sh` / `uninstall.sh` → `.tar.gz` |
-| `deploy-to-frame.sh` | Copies the package to the Frame over SSH and runs `install.sh` |
-| `install.sh` / `uninstall.sh` | `--force-install-manifest` / `--force-remove-manifest` (section 2) and start / stop |
+| `container-build.sh cross\|native` | Builds with `OVRAS_STEAM_FRAME=ON` → `build/steamframe-<mode>/Release/` |
+| `container-test.sh` | Render tests with both APIs, Vulkan with validation layers |
+| `package-release.sh` | Build output + `install.sh` / `uninstall.sh` / `run.sh` / `README.txt` → `dist/AdvancedSettings-<version>-linux-arm64(.tar.gz)` |
+| `deploy-to-frame.sh` | Copies the package to the Frame over SSH (`rsync`) and runs `install.sh` there |
 
+- **Scripts in the package:**
+  - `install.sh` stops a running instance, registers it (`--force-install-manifest`, auto-start)
+    and starts it with `DISPLAY=:0`. Over SSH there is no display, and Qt needs one.
+  - `run.sh [opengl|vulkan]` restarts it with a given graphics API.
+  - The scripts start the program in the package folder, because OVRAS writes
+    `AdvancedSettings.log` into the working directory.
 - Packages use the **system Qt**: no Qt is bundled, because of section 3 the binary uses no
   private API.
-- The template's Qt-bundling fallback is not adopted for now.
+- RPATH is only `$ORIGIN` (`BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH`): the build tree gets packaged.
 
 ## Tests
 
 - **x86_64 locally:** the build succeeds; `objdump` check (R1).
-- **Vulkan:** `container-test.sh` with validation layers. It reports no messages, and the
-  render path is checked by a snapshot test (`tst_render` from the template, reduced to the
-  backends).
-- **OVRAS:** the keyboard parser test `test/keyboard_input` is included in CMake if that is
-  easy; otherwise it is noted as not run.
-- **On the Frame:** a checklist per acceptance criterion R1–R4, R6, R7, with both graphics
-  APIs. Results go to `docs/steamframe/PROGRESS.md`.
+- **Render test `test/render/tst_render`** (`OVRAS_BUILD_TESTS=ON`):
+  - Drives the backends and `QQuickRenderControl` in the same order as `OverlayController`.
+  - Checks the texture description for SteamVR (type, Vulkan format) and the content and
+    orientation via readback.
+  - One CTest entry per API.
+  - `container-test.sh` runs it with the Vulkan validation layers. It fails on validation
+    messages and on skipped tests.
+- **OVRAS's keyboard parser test** (`test/keyboard_input`, qmake) is not included in CMake
+  in iteration 1 (not run).
+- **On the Frame:** the checklist in `PROGRESS.md` per acceptance criterion R1–R4, R6, R7,
+  with both graphics APIs.
 
 ## Implementation order
 
diff --git a/docs/steamframe/PROGRESS.md b/docs/steamframe/PROGRESS.md
index 10485c9..50c59dc 100644
--- a/docs/steamframe/PROGRESS.md
+++ b/docs/steamframe/PROGRESS.md
@@ -122,3 +122,55 @@
 - The build tree contains the binary, `libopenvr_api.so`, both manifests,
   `default_action_manifests/` and `res/`.
 - Not tested yet: `Background` on the Frame (step 5).
+
+### Step 5: Frame build, package, tests (2026-10-07)
+
+**Changes:**
+- **`build_scripts/steamframe/`** (new, see DESIGN.md section 9): containers, toolchain, build,
+  test, package and deploy scripts.
+- **`test/render/`** (new): render test for both backends (`OVRAS_BUILD_TESTS=ON`).
+- **`CMakeLists.txt`:**
+  - option `OVRAS_BUILD_TESTS`
+  - RPATH only `$ORIGIN` (`BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH`). Before, the cross binary also had the
+    host's absolute link directory in its RUNPATH.
+- **`.gitignore`:** `dist/`.
+
+**Results:**
+- **Render tests:**
+  - locally (Arch, Qt 6.11, Intel Iris Xe): OpenGL and Vulkan, 4/4 passed each
+  - in the container (Debian trixie, Qt 6.8, same GPU via `/dev/dri`): 2/2 passed,
+    **no Vulkan validation messages**
+  - Proof that the layer was active: `VK_LOADER_DEBUG=layer` shows
+    "Inserted device layer VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation".
+- **Cross build (aarch64, Qt 6.8 Debian):** succeeds once the container has `libxt-dev`
+  (`input_sender_X11.cpp` includes `X11/Intrinsic.h`).
+  - `Qt_6_PRIVATE_API` without `QVulkan*`: 0 → **R1 symbols met**.
+  - Qt version tag: `Qt_6.8` (fits the Frame's 6.8.0).
+  - GLIBC ≤ 2.38 (the Frame has 2.39); GLIBCXX ≤ 3.4.32 (not checked against the Frame).
+  - NEEDED: Qt6 Core/Gui/Qml/Quick/Widgets/Network/DBus/Multimedia/WebSockets, libX11,
+    libXtst, libpulse, libopenvr_api, libstdc++/libc.
+- **Package** `dist/AdvancedSettings-5.7.4-linux-arm64.tar.gz`: 3.0 MB (9.1 MB unpacked).
+  The version 5.7.4 comes from `qt6`'s `project()` (master is at 5.8.17).
+
+**Open (needs the Frame):**
+- Are the QML modules OVRAS imports present in the Frame's system Qt? QtQuick.Controls
+  (Material), Layouts, Dialogs, Multimedia.
+- Do libXt/libXtst exist on SteamOS? Is libstdc++ new enough?
+
+### Test checklist on the Frame (step 5)
+
+Deploy: `build_scripts/steamframe/deploy-to-frame.sh <user>@<frame>` (SteamVR running).
+
+| # | Check | Criterion | Result |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| T1 | `install.sh`: registration works (log: "Manifest reinstalled", via Background) | R2 | open |
+| T2 | Tab appears in the dashboard, UI correct (OpenGL) | R2, R3 | open |
+| T3 | `./run.sh vulkan`: UI correct | R3 | open |
+| T4 | Laser right way up, click, scrolling on several pages (both APIs) | R4 | open |
+| T5 | Text field (e.g. new profile name): SteamVR keyboard opens, input arrives | R4 | open |
+| T6 | An OVRAS action arrives (e.g. push-to-talk, log/notification) | R4 | open |
+| T7 | Play area before/after start unchanged; log: "CommitWorkingCopy skipped" | R7 | open |
+| T8 | Quit app (OVRAS "Exit" and Quit in the SteamVR dashboard): no crash (both APIs) | R2 | open |
+| T9 | Auto-start after a SteamVR restart / reboot | R2 | open |
+| T10 | `pidstat -p $(pgrep -f AdvancedSettings_app) 10 6`: dashboard closed / OVRAS visible / other tab visible | R6 | open |
+| T11 | `uninstall.sh` unregisters it | R2 | open |
diff --git a/test/render/CMakeLists.txt b/test/render/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5951eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/render/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Render test for src/render/ (see tst_render.cpp). Runs without SteamVR or a
+# headset; skips itself without a GPU context. One CTest entry per graphics
+# API, because the API is process-wide.
+
+find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Test)
+
+qt_add_executable(tst_render
+    tst_render.cpp
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/render/RenderBackend.cpp
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/render/OpenGLRenderBackend.cpp
+)
+target_include_directories(tst_render PRIVATE
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/openvr/headers
+)
+# Only openvr.h's types are used: nothing links against libopenvr_api.
+target_link_libraries(tst_render PRIVATE Qt::Gui Qt::Quick Qt::Qml Qt6::Test)
+if (QT_FEATURE_vulkan)
+    target_sources(tst_render PRIVATE
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/render/VulkanRenderBackend.cpp
+    )
+    target_compile_definitions(tst_render PRIVATE OVRAS_HAS_VULKAN=1)
+else ()
+    target_compile_definitions(tst_render PRIVATE OVRAS_HAS_VULKAN=0)
+endif ()
+qt_add_qml_module(tst_render
+    URI RenderTest
+    VERSION 1.0
+    QML_FILES TwoTone.qml
+)
+
+add_test(NAME render_opengl COMMAND tst_render)
+set_tests_properties(render_opengl PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT "OVRAS_TEST_API=opengl")
+add_test(NAME render_vulkan COMMAND tst_render)
+set_tests_properties(render_vulkan PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT "OVRAS_TEST_API=vulkan")
diff --git a/test/render/TwoTone.qml b/test/render/TwoTone.qml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ee069e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/render/TwoTone.qml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import QtQuick
+
+// Top half red, bottom half blue: lets the render test check content and orientation.
+Item {
+    Rectangle { width: parent.width; height: parent.height / 2; color: "#ff0000" }
+    Rectangle { y: parent.height / 2; width: parent.width; height: parent.height / 2; color: "#0000ff" }
+}
diff --git a/test/render/tst_render.cpp b/test/render/tst_render.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a89a68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/render/tst_render.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Render test for the render backends (src/render/), adapted from the
+// vrdashboard template's tst_render. It drives a backend and
+// QQuickRenderControl in the same order as OverlayController::SetWidget() and
+// renderOverlay(), then checks the texture handed to SteamVR and its content
+// (via readback).
+//
+// The backend comes from OVRAS_TEST_API (opengl / vulkan): the graphics API is
+// process-wide, so CTest runs one process per API. Without a GPU context the
+// test skips itself. With OVRAS_VULKAN_VALIDATION=1 the Vulkan validation
+// layers are enabled (build_scripts/steamframe/container-test.sh).
+
+#include <QQmlComponent>
+#include <QQmlEngine>
+#include <QQuickItem>
+#include <QQuickRenderControl>
+#include <QQuickWindow>
+#include <QtTest>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "render/RenderBackend.h"
+
+class RenderTest : public QObject
+{
+    Q_OBJECT
+
+private slots:
+    void initTestCase()
+    {
+        GraphicsApi api = GraphicsApi::OpenGL;
+        const QString apiName
+            = qEnvironmentVariable( "OVRAS_TEST_API", "opengl" );
+        QVERIFY2( parseGraphicsApi( apiName, &api ), qPrintable( apiName ) );
+        m_backend = createRenderBackend( api );
+        if ( !m_backend )
+        {
+            QSKIP( qPrintable( apiName + " not compiled in" ) );
+        }
+        // Before any QQuickWindow exists, as in main().
+        QQuickWindow::setGraphicsApi( m_backend->graphicsApi() );
+        QString error;
+        // No SteamVR here: empty interop, the backend picks defaults.
+        if ( !m_backend->initialize( {}, &error ) )
+        {
+            QSKIP( qPrintable( QString( "No %1 context: %2" )
+                                   .arg( m_backend->name(), error ) ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // One frame of a known scene (top red, bottom blue): texture type and
+    // description for SteamVR, content and orientation.
+    void rendersSceneUpright()
+    {
+        const QSize size( 64, 32 );
+        Scene scene( *m_backend, size );
+        QVERIFY2( scene.error.isEmpty(), qPrintable( scene.error ) );
+
+        const vr::Texture_t texture = scene.renderFrame();
+        QVERIFY( texture.handle != nullptr );
+        const auto expectedType
+            = m_backend->graphicsApi() == QSGRendererInterface::Vulkan
+                  ? vr::TextureType_Vulkan
+                  : vr::TextureType_OpenGL;
+        QCOMPARE( texture.eType, expectedType );
+        if ( texture.eType == vr::TextureType_Vulkan )
+        {
+            const auto* vk = static_cast<const vr::VRVulkanTextureData_t*>(
+                texture.handle );
+            QVERIFY( vk->m_nImage != 0 && vk->m_pDevice && vk->m_pQueue
+                     && vk->m_pInstance );
+            QCOMPARE( vk->m_nWidth, static_cast<uint32_t>( size.width() ) );
+            // VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, the format SteamVR gets told.
+            QCOMPARE( vk->m_nFormat, 37u );
+        }
+        QVERIFY( !m_backend->deviceName().isEmpty() );
+
+        const QImage image = m_backend->readback();
+        QCOMPARE( image.size(), size );
+        QCOMPARE( image.pixelColor( size.width() / 2, 4 ),
+                  QColor( 255, 0, 0 ) );
+        QCOMPARE( image.pixelColor( size.width() / 2, size.height() - 4 ),
+                  QColor( 0, 0, 255 ) );
+    }
+
+    // Several frames in a row exercise the per-frame state handling (e.g.
+    // the Vulkan layout transitions between Qt's frames and the SteamVR
+    // hand-off).
+    void rendersRepeatedly()
+    {
+        Scene scene( *m_backend, { 32, 32 } );
+        QVERIFY2( scene.error.isEmpty(), qPrintable( scene.error ) );
+        for ( int i = 0; i < 5; ++i )
+        {
+            scene.renderFrame();
+        }
+        QCOMPARE( m_backend->readback().pixelColor( 16, 2 ),
+                  QColor( 255, 0, 0 ) );
+    }
+
+    void cleanupTestCase()
+    {
+        m_backend.reset();
+    }
+
+private:
+    // The TwoTone scene in an offscreen window, set up like
+    // OverlayController::SetWidget(). Tears down like
+    // OverlayController::Shutdown() (minus VR_Shutdown).
+    struct Scene
+    {
+        Scene( RenderBackend& backend, QSize size ) : backend( backend )
+        {
+            window = std::make_unique<QQuickWindow>( &renderControl );
+            window->setGeometry( 0, 0, size.width(), size.height() );
+            QQmlComponent component( &engine );
+            component.loadFromModule( "RenderTest", "TwoTone" );
+            root.reset( qobject_cast<QQuickItem*>( component.create() ) );
+            if ( !root )
+            {
+                error = component.errorString();
+                return;
+            }
+            root->setSize( size );
+            root->setParentItem( window->contentItem() );
+
+            backend.configureWindow( window.get() );
+            if ( !backend.makeCurrent() || !renderControl.initialize() )
+            {
+                error = "QQuickRenderControl::initialize failed";
+                return;
+            }
+            if ( !backend.attachWindow( window.get(), &error ) )
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            const QQuickRenderTarget target
+                = backend.createRenderTarget( size );
+            if ( target.isNull() )
+            {
+                error = "createRenderTarget failed";
+                return;
+            }
+            window->setRenderTarget( target );
+        }
+
+        ~Scene()
+        {
+            backend.makeCurrent();
+            root.reset();
+            backend.releaseRenderTarget();
+            backend.detachWindow();
+            window.reset();
+        }
+
+        // One frame as in OverlayController::renderOverlay(); returns what
+        // would be handed to IVROverlay::SetOverlayTexture.
+        vr::Texture_t renderFrame()
+        {
+            backend.makeCurrent();
+            backend.beginFrame();
+            renderControl.polishItems();
+            renderControl.beginFrame();
+            renderControl.sync();
+            renderControl.render();
+            renderControl.endFrame();
+            backend.finishFrame();
+            return backend.vrTexture();
+        }
+
+        RenderBackend& backend;
+        QQmlEngine engine;
+        // Destroyed after the window (declared before it): the window
+        // belongs to this render control.
+        QQuickRenderControl renderControl;
+        std::unique_ptr<QQuickWindow> window;
+        std::unique_ptr<QQuickItem> root;
+        QString error;
+    };
+
+    std::unique_ptr<RenderBackend> m_backend;
+};
+
+QTEST_MAIN( RenderTest )
+#include "tst_render.moc"