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matzman
2017-10-13 17:02:31 +02:00
parent 7d03ad7051
commit 8a86545c86
55 changed files with 10483 additions and 1759 deletions
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.gitignore
+1 -1
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@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
*.aux
*.bbl
*.blg
*.pdf
thesis.pdf
*.toc
thesis.run.xml
thesis-blx.bib
background/figures/workflow-abstractpart.eps
+2222 -1349
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff
background/figures/workflow-abstractpart.graphml
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\section{Hardware Model}
The target architecture of the work in this thesis are \emph{heterogeneous shared-memory many-core computers}. There is no universally accepted definition of \emph{many-core} yet, but normally it is assumed to mean "more cores than multi-core", usually tens or hundreds of cores. Scientific workflows feature a very high-level and abstract view of the underlying hardware. The abstract part of a workflow specification should ideally be completely devoid of any hard-ware specific details. \emph{Atomic activities} are an abstract representation of any kind of computational work, and the corresponding activity implementations which make up the concrete part of a workflow specification are supposed to be interchangeable without any preference for a specific implementation or specific hardware. Therefore, in the context of this work we use a very relaxed definition of the term \emph{many-cores} and assume it refers to a single computer featuring tens or hundreds of computational resources which can independently process computational work.
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\section{Workflow Model}
\section{Workflow Model}\label{sec:workflowmodel}
The design and implementation of scientific workflows consists of two parts: an \emph{abstract part} and a \emph{concrete part}. We give a short overview of these two parts in the following subsections.
The design and implementation of a \emph{scientific workflow} consists of two parts: an \emph{abstract part} and a \emph{concrete part}. We give an overview of these two parts in the following subsections.
\begin{figure}{ht}
\subsection{Workflow Design: The Abstract Part}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{./background/figures/workflow-abstractpart.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{./background/figures/workflow-abstractpart.pdf}
\caption{An abstract part of a scientific workflow.}
\label{fig:dag}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Workflow design: the abstract part}
The abstract part (see Figure~\ref{fig:dag}) of a scientific workflow specification comprises a hardware and middleware agnostic (and therefore easily portable) description of the workflow structure, the activities involved (identified by a unique name and a type), and the data and control flow dependencies between the activities. The individual activities are treated as black-boxes such that only the input and the output signatures are known.
The \emph{abstract part} of a scientific workflow specification comprises a hardware and middleware agnostic (and therefore easily portable) description of the workflow structure, the activities involved, and the data and control flow dependencies between the activities. The individual activities are treated as black-boxes such that only the input and the output signatures are known.
There are usually two different types of workflow activities:
\begin{enumerate}
\item \emph{Atomic activities} are basic indivisible computations units such as a legacy codes;
\item \emph{Composite activities} combine several fine granular workflow activities, including atomic and other composite ones, to form coarse granular activities and impose a control flow on the contained inner activities.
\end{enumerate}
Typical composite activities are sequential and parallel loops, conditional activities, and sub-workflows.
We define the structure of a Scientific Workflow $W$ as a \emph{Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)} (see Figure~\ref{fig:dag}):
$W=(A, D, P_{in}, P_{out})$, where $A$ represents workflow activities, $D$ represents the dependencies between activities, $P_{in}$ represents the workflow's \emph{Data In-Ports} which define the input signature of the workflow, and $P_{out}$ represents the workflow's \emph{Data Out-Ports} which define the output signature of the workflow
There are usually two different types of workflow activities $A$:
An \emph{Atomic Activitity} $A_i=(N, P_{in}, P_{out}, T_A)$ is a basic indivisible unit of computational work which consists of an unique name $N$, data in-ports $P_{in}$, data out-ports $P_{out}$ and an \emph{Atomic Activitity Type} $T_A$.
A \emph{Composite Activity} $A_j=(N, P_{in}, P_{out}, T_C, W_{Sub}, C)$ consists of an unique name $N$, \emph{Data In-Ports} $P_{in}$, \emph{Data Out-Ports} $P_{out}$ and a \emph{Composite Activitity Type} $T_C$, and contains one or more sub-workflows $W_{Sub}=(A_{Sub}, D_{Sub})$ with activities $A_{Sub}$ and dependencies $D_{Sub}$, onto which it imposes an activity type dependend control-flow. $C$ denotes activity type specific parameters, e.g. for a for-loop activity $C=(Start, Stop, Step)$ denotes the initial value, the stop condition value and the stride of the loop counter. Typical composite activity types are sequential and parallel loops, conditional activities, and sub-workflows.
\subsection{Workflow implementation: the concrete part}
A \emph{data dependency} $D_{ij}$ between workflow activities $A_i$ and $A_j$ is defined as:
\[D_{ij}=\left(P^i_{out_m}, P^j_{in_n}, Data_{ij}\right),\] where $Data_{ij}$ denotes the data exchanged between data out-port $P^i_{out_m}$ of activity $A_i$ and data in-port $P^j_{in_n}$ of activity $A_j$.
A \emph{control-flow dependency} $D_{ij}$ between workflow activities $A_i$ and $A_j$ is defined as:
\[D_{ij}=\left(A_i, A_j\right),\] which imposes a constraint on $A_j$ so that it can only be executed after $A_j$ has finished execution.
\subsection{Workflow Implementation: The Concrete Part}
The concrete part of a workflow contains the hardware and middleware-dependent implementations of the atomic activities and their accompanying meta-information. This part is often highly specific to each individual workflow system and the underlying DCI. It usually contains information about the available activity implementations, locations where they are installed, how they can be executed, and any other further information indented to help the workflow engine in selecting the most appropriate activity implementation.
In our workflow model we define the implementation $W_{Impl}$ of a workflow as a mapping \[W_{Impl}: T_A \rightarrow (A_{Impl}, I_{Meta})\] from atomic activity types to one or more tuples consisting of an \emph{Atomic Activity Implementations} $A_{Impl}$, which is the actual executable code, and accompanying meta information $I_{Meta}$. The meta information contains information needed by the scheduler for selecting an appropriate actvitity implementation, and by the execution subsystem for executing the activity implementation.
\subsection{Workflow enactment}
A workflow engine executes a workflow instance (operation usually called \emph{workflow enactment}) by traversing the DAG representing the workflow structure, determining the state of the individual activities, transferring data from finished activities to their successors in the dependency graph, unrolling composite activities and replacing them with the resulting subgraph, and delegating the actual execution of atomic activities to the scheduling and execution subsystems.
\subsection{Workflow Management System}
The software used for setting-up, managing, executing and monitoring workflows is called \emph{Workflow Management System} (WfMS). A WfMS usually covers all aspects of a workflow, from creating to execution, and consists of several components.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{./background/figures/workflow-managementsystem.pdf}
\caption{Architecture of a Scientific Workflow Management System.}
\label{fig:background-wfms}
\end{figure}
Figure \ref{fig:background-wfms} shows the architecture of a typical scientific WfMS for Grid and Cloud computing. It consists of the following core components:
\begin{description}
\item[Engine:] Responsible for executing the abstract part of a workflow, also called \emph{Workflow Enactment} (see Section \ref{sec:background-workflowenactment}).
\item[Scheduler:] Responsible for mapping atomic activities to computing resources and selecting an approbriate activity implementation, also called \emph{Workflow Scheduling} (see Section \ref{sec:background-workflowscheduling}).
\item[Execution Layer:] Keeps track of the available computing resources, manages the actual execution of activity implementations, and provides a unified interface for the scheduler and the individual execution sub-systems representing different hardware and middleware.
\end{description}
Furthermore, a WfMS may also contain following optional components:
\begin{description}
\item[User Interface:] Interface which allows a user to interact with the workflow systems to, for example, create a workflow, start it, monitor its execution and retrieve the final results.
\item[Prediction Service:] Predicts execution and data transfer times to aid the scheduler with scheduling the workflow. Some scheduling algorithms only work when a reliable prediction service is present.
\item[Monitoring/Logging Service:] Collects log messages and other information and presents them to the user, writes it into a log file or a data base for future use by e.g. the scheduler.
\end{description}
\subsection{Workflow Enactment}\label{sec:background-workflowenactment}
A workflow engine executes a workflow instance (operation usually called \emph{Workflow Enactment}) by traversing the DAG representing the workflow structure, determining the state of the individual activities, transferring data from finished activities to their successors in the dependency graph, unrolling composite activities and replacing them with the resulting subgraph, and delegating the actual execution of atomic activities to the scheduling and execution subsystems.
We call the resulting DAG where composite activities have been replaced with their contained subgraphs enriched with additional state information a \emph{Workflow Execution Plan} (WEP).
We distinguish between two types of workflow enactment modes:
\begin{itemize}
\item In \emph{early enactment mode} the engine re-evaluates the WEP as soon as there are activity state changes, and tries to complete it as early as possible. This mode usually comes with a much higher overhead, but results in a more complete WEP comprising more information, which allows the scheduler to better plan the workflow execution on the underlying resources;
\item In \emph{late enactment mode} (also called \emph{lazy evaluation mode}) the engine only re-evaluates and completes the WEP when it is absolutely necessary for the workflow enactment, and only partially completes it as far as it is required for continuing the enactment.
\item In \emph{late enactment mode} (also called \emph{lazy evaluation mode}) the engine only re-evaluates and completes the WEP when it is absolutely necessary for the workflow enactment, and only partially completes it as far as it is required for continuing the enactment. This mode has less overhead, but also results in a less complete WEP with less information available for the scheduler to plan the workflow execution.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Workflow scheduling}
Scheduling describes the process of mapping atomic activities to available computing resources where they are executed. A concrete mapping of activities to computing resources is called \emph{workflow schedule}. The scheduler usually tries to optimize the schedule by maximising or minimizing a given utility function, typically the overall execution time.
To be able to produce an optimal mapping the scheduler need to know the resource requirements of an individual activity in advance. We assume in this paper that the scheduler has accurate knowledge of the resources required by an individual activity, but in practice obtaining this knowledge is still a steep challenge.
\subsection{Workflow Scheduling}\label{sec:background-workflowscheduling}
Scheduling describes the process of mapping atomic activities $A=\left(A_1, A_2, ..., A_m\right)$ to available computing resources $R=\left(R_1, R_2, ..., R_n\right)$ where they are executed.
The resulting mapping \[S: A \rightarrow R,\] is called \emph{workflow schedule}.
The scheduler usually tries to optimize the workflow schedule by maximising or minimizing a given utility function, typically the overall execution time. Some scheduler implementations take more than one objective into account, some of which may conflict with other objectives. This is called \emph{multi-objective optimization}.
To be able to produce an optimal mapping the scheduler need to know the resource requirements of an individual activity in advance. In this thesis we assume that the scheduler gets accurate knowledge of the resources required by an individual activity on a specific computing ressource from a third-party \emph{prediction service} we tread as black-box in the following. In practice obtaining this knowledge is still a steep challenge and subject to ongoing research.
Existing scheduling algorithms can be broadly divided into two categories~\cite{Wieczorek2009}:
\begin{itemize}
\item \emph{Just-in-time scheduling algorithms} only consider the next activities to be scheduled when deciding on a mapping and ignore the rest of the WEP. They are usually linear in complexity with the number of activities (i.e. $O(N)$) and come with a low overhead, but due to limited information the generated schedule may not be that good;
\item \emph{Full-ahead scheduling algorithms} use the entire WEP when deciding on a mapping and try to find an optimal schedule in the search space. They usually come with a much higher overhead, but consider more workflow information and therefore, produce in general better results. Generating a full-ahead schedule is an NP-hard problem~\cite{ullman1975np} and therefore, most existing full-ahead scheduling algorithms are approximate heuristic algorithms~\cite{heft02}.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Parallelism in Workflows}
The most predominant form of parallelism found in scientific workflows is \emph{task parallelism} which means that different independent computational tasks operating on the same or different data are executed at the same time on different computing resources. On a conceptual level a scientific workflow is basically a collection of tasks with dependency relationships between them. The dependency relationships determine which tasks can be executed in parallel, and the scheduler distributes the tasks among the available computing resources so that a pre-set scheduling goal is satisfied.
Other forms of parallelism like e.g. data parallelism can exist in workflows but are usually hidden away in atomic activity implementations which are considered black-boxes. A scientific workflow system can account for that fact by assuming that an atomic activity implementation may need more than one resource for execution.
biblio.bib
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Publisher = {IEEE}
}
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@article{altschul1990basic,
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mwre/figures/engine-schematics.pdf
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mwre/mwre-evaluation.tex
+17 -65
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\section{Experiments}\label{sec:experiments}
\section{Experiments}\label{sec:mwreexperiments}
The purpose of our experiments is twofold. We first compare in Section~\ref{sec:exp-overhead} the perfomance and overhead of our workflow engine with two related state-of-the-art workflow systems.
Second, we evaluate in Section~\ref{sec:exp-performance} the overhead of workflow execution with full-ahead scheduling to find out how well full-ahead scheduling performs on shared-memory manycore computers which exhibit completely different characteristics than DCIs.
@@ -12,14 +12,8 @@ We conducted all the experiments on a multi-core system with four Intel Xeon E7-
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Povray-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time.}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Povray-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation.}
\end{subfigure}
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Povray-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Povray-Memory.tex}
\caption{Experimental results for the POV-Ray workflow.}
\label{fig:ex-povray-results}
\end{figure}
@@ -65,14 +59,8 @@ RainCloud is a meteorological workflow for weather simulation in mountainous reg
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Raincloud-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time.}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Raincloud-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation.}
\end{subfigure}
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Raincloud-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Raincloud-Memory.tex}
\caption{Experimental results for the RainCloud workflow.}
\label{fig:ex-raincloud-results}
\end{figure}
@@ -103,14 +91,8 @@ In this experiment we cannot directly compare ASKALON to the rest because ASKALO
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Montage-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time.}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Montage-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation.}
\end{subfigure}
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Montage-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Montage-Memory.tex}
\caption{Experimental results for the Montage workflow.}
\label{fig:ex-montage-results}
\end{figure}
@@ -131,44 +113,20 @@ The Sparselu workflow (see Figure~\ref{fig:ex-sparselu}) adapted from the \textt
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-1-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time (\texttt{For-Length}).}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-1-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation (\texttt{For-Length}).}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-2-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time (\texttt{For-Width}).}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-2-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation (\texttt{For-Width}).}
\end{subfigure}
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-1-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-1-Memory.tex}\qquad
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-2-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-For-2-Memory.tex}
\caption{Experimental results for the \texttt{For} variant of the Sparselu workflow.}
\label{fig:ex-Sparselu-for-results}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-1-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time (\texttt{While-Length}).}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-1-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation (\texttt{While-Length}).}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-2-Runtime.tex}}
\caption{Enactment time (\texttt{While-Width}).}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-2-Memory.tex}}
\caption{Memory utilisation (\texttt{While-Width}).}
\end{subfigure}
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-1-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-1-Memory.tex}\qquad
\subfloattex{Enactment time.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-2-Runtime.tex}
\subfloattex{Memory utilisation.}{0.48\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Sparselu-While-2-Memory.tex}
\caption{Experimental results for the \texttt{While} variant of the Sparselu workflow.}
\label{fig:ex-Sparselu-while-results}
\end{figure}
@@ -234,14 +192,8 @@ We generated three different workflows for each parameter combination, recorded
\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Scheduler01-Times-HEFT.tex}}
\caption{HEFT.}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{\textwidth}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{ \input{./mwre/figures/Scheduler01-Times-JIT.tex}}
\caption{MCT.}
\end{subfigure}
\subfloattex{HEFT.}{\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Scheduler01-Times-HEFT.tex}\qquad
\subfloattex{MCT.}{\columnwidth}{./mwre/figures/Scheduler01-Times-JIT.tex}
\caption{Cumulative time analysis of HEFT and MCT.}
\label{fig:ex-scheduling-results}
\end{figure}
mwre/mwre-main.tex
+1 -1
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Manycore Workflow Runtime Engine (MWRE)}
\chapter{Manycore Workflow Runtime Engine}
\input{mwre/mwre-architecture}
phdthesis.kilepr
+175 -100
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workflowtransformations/workflowtransformations-evaluation.tex
+26 -26
View File
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
\section{Experiments}\label{sec:experiments}
\section{Experiments}\label{sec:transformationexperiments}
We conducted all experiments on a multi-core system with four Intel Xeon E7-4870 10-core CPUs at \SI{2.40}{\giga\hertz} with \SI{128}{\giga\byte} of RAM. We used the GNU \texttt{gcc} compiler version 4.9.1 to compile the generated workflow programs with the \texttt{-O3} optimization flag.
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ We used the HEFT~\cite{heft02} scheduling algorithm in all experiments unless ot
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=4cm]{./figures/Raincloud-experiments1.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-structure1}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching.]{\includegraphics[height=4cm]{./figures/Raincloud-experiments2.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-structure2}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching and loop unrolling.]{\includegraphics[height=4cm]{./figures/Raincloud-experiments3.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-structure3}}
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=4cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Raincloud-experiments1.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-structure1}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching.]{\includegraphics[height=4cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Raincloud-experiments2.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-structure2}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching and loop unrolling.]{\includegraphics[height=4cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Raincloud-experiments3.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-structure3}}
\caption{RainCloud workflow.}
\label{fig:raincloud-structure}
\end{figure*}
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ To enable loop unrolling, we exchanged \texttt{parallel foreach} with a \texttt{
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Early evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/raincloud-EnactmentTimeEarly.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-enactment-early}}
\subfloat[Late evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/raincloud-EnactmentTimeLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-enactment-late}}
\subfloat[WEP length.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/raincloud-NodeCountLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-nodecount}}\\
\subfloat[Early evaluation WEP visitation.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/raincloud-VisitationCountEarly.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-visitations-early}}
\subfloat[Late evaluation WEP visitation.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/raincloud-VisitationCountLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-visitations-late}}
\subfloat[Memory usage.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/raincloud-MemoryLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-memory}}
\subfloat[Early evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/raincloud-EnactmentTimeEarly.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-enactment-early}}
\subfloat[Late evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/raincloud-EnactmentTimeLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-enactment-late}}
\subfloat[WEP length.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/raincloud-NodeCountLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-nodecount}}\\
\subfloat[Early evaluation WEP visitation.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/raincloud-VisitationCountEarly.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-visitations-early}}
\subfloat[Late evaluation WEP visitation.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/raincloud-VisitationCountLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-visitations-late}}
\subfloat[Memory usage.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/raincloud-MemoryLate.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-memory}}
\caption{RainCloud workflow experimental results.}
\label{fig:raincloud-results-enactment}
\end{figure*}
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ Loop unrolling reduces loop iteration management overhead, which additionally im
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=6.1cm]{./figures/meteoag01.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-structure1}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching.]{\includegraphics[height=6.1cm]{./figures/meteoag02.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-structure2}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching and loop unrolling.]{\includegraphics[height=6.1cm]{./figures/meteoag03.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-structure3}}
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=6.1cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/meteoag01.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-structure1}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching.]{\includegraphics[height=6.1cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/meteoag02.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-structure2}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop unswitching and loop unrolling.]{\includegraphics[height=6.1cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/meteoag03.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-structure3}}
\caption{MeteoAG workflow.}
\label{fig:meteoag-structure}
\end{figure*}
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ Loop unrolling reduces loop iteration management overhead, which additionally im
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Speedup.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/meteoag-speedup.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-speedup}}
\subfloat[Early evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/meteoag-enactment-early.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-enactment-early}}
\subfloat[Late evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./figures/meteoag-enactment-late.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-enactment-late}}
\subfloat[Speedup.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/meteoag-speedup.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-speedup}}
\subfloat[Early evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/meteoag-enactment-early.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-enactment-early}}
\subfloat[Late evaluation enactment.]{\includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/meteoag-enactment-late.pdf}\label{fig:meteoag-enactment-late}}
\caption{MeteoAG workflow experimental results.}
\label{fig:meteoag-results}
\end{figure*}
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ Common activity elimination reduces the number of atomic activities in our examp
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Loop hoisting makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./figures/loophoisting-Makespan.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-loophoisting-makespan}}\\
\subfloat[Common activity elimination makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./figures/elimination-Makespan.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-elimination-makespan}}
\subfloat[Loop hoisting makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/loophoisting-Makespan.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-loophoisting-makespan}}\\
\subfloat[Common activity elimination makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/elimination-Makespan.pdf}\label{fig:raincloud-results-elimination-makespan}}
\caption{Loop hoisting and common activity elimination results.}
\label{fig:raincloud-results-elimination-loophoisting}
\end{figure}
@@ -98,16 +98,16 @@ in all scenarios where the number of inner loop iterations is not a multiple of
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=4.2cm]{./figures/Sparselu-experiments1.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-experiments1}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop fusion.]{\includegraphics[height=4.2cm]{./figures/Sparselu-experiments2.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-experiments2}}
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=4.2cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Sparselu-experiments1.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-experiments1}}\qquad
\subfloat[After loop fusion.]{\includegraphics[height=4.2cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Sparselu-experiments2.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-experiments2}}
\caption{Sparselu workflow.}
\label{fig:sparselu-structure}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Early evaluation mode.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./figures/Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-early.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-early}}\\
\subfloat[Late evaluation mode.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./figures/Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-late.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-late}}
\subfloat[Early evaluation mode.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-early.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-early}}\\
\subfloat[Late evaluation mode.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-late.pdf}\label{fig:Sparselu-Heft-Speedup-late}}
\caption{Speedup of Sparselu caused by scheduling improvements.}
\label{fig:Sparselu-Heft-Speedup}
\end{figure}
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ in all scenarios where the number of inner loop iterations is not a multiple of
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=4.5cm]{./figures/blast-experiment01.pdf}\label{fig:blast-experiment01}}\hspace{2mm}
\subfloat[After reduction recognition.]{\includegraphics[height=4.5cm]{./figures/blast-experiment02.pdf}\label{fig:blast-experiment02}}
\subfloat[Original workflow.]{\includegraphics[height=4.5cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/blast-experiment01.pdf}\label{fig:blast-experiment01}}\hspace{2mm}
\subfloat[After reduction recognition.]{\includegraphics[height=4.5cm]{./workflowtransformations/figures/blast-experiment02.pdf}\label{fig:blast-experiment02}}
\caption{Blast workflow.}
\label{fig:blast-structure}
\end{figure}
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ For software pipelining, we implemented the workflow from Figure~\ref{fig:transf
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Reduction recognition makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./figures/blast-reduction.pdf}\label{fig:results-reduction-makespan}}\\
\subfloat[Software pipelining makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./figures/pipelining-Makespan.pdf}\label{fig:results-pipelining-makespan}}
\subfloat[Reduction recognition makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/blast-reduction.pdf}\label{fig:results-reduction-makespan}}\\
\subfloat[Software pipelining makespan.]{\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/pipelining-Makespan.pdf}\label{fig:results-pipelining-makespan}}
\caption{Software pipelining and reduction recognition results.}
\label{fig:results-pipelining-reduction}
\end{figure}
workflowtransformations/workflowtransformations-transformations.tex
+18 -18
View File
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ We plan to investigate further workflow-specific transformations in future work.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[Loop-invariant code hosting.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./figures/transformation-loopInvariantHoisting.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting}}
\subfloat[Common subexpression elimination.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./figures/transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination}}
\subfloat[If optimization.]{\includegraphics[width=.25\textwidth]{./figures/transformation-IfOptimization.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-IfOptimization}}\\
\subfloat[Reduction recognition.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./figures/transformation-ReductionRecognition.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-ReductionRecognition}}
\subfloat[Code hoisting.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./figures/transformation-CodeHoisting.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-CodeHoisting}}
\subfloat[Software pipelining.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./figures/transformation-SoftwarePipelining.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-SoftwarePipelining}}
\subfloat[Loop-invariant code hosting.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-loopInvariantHoisting.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting}}
\subfloat[Common subexpression elimination.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination}}
\subfloat[If optimization.]{\includegraphics[width=.25\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-IfOptimization.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-IfOptimization}}\\
\subfloat[Reduction recognition.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-ReductionRecognition.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-ReductionRecognition}}
\subfloat[Code hoisting.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-CodeHoisting.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-CodeHoisting}}
\subfloat[Software pipelining.]{\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-SoftwarePipelining.pdf}\label{fig:transformation-SoftwarePipelining}}
\caption{Example workflow transformations.}
\label{fig:example-transformations}
\end{figure*}
@@ -51,20 +51,20 @@ We plan to investigate further workflow-specific transformations in future work.
This category represents transformations that eliminate redundant atomic activity invocations (the most expensive parts in the workflow enactment),
with a possible huge impact on performance. This category is similar to traditional transformations trying to reduce the number of executed instructions (replaced by activities here) such as loop-invariant code hoisting, common subexpression/activity elimination and constant propagation.
\paragraph{Loop-invariant code hoisting} moves the loop-invariant code to be executed only once before the loop instead of every loop iteration. With workflow applications, this transformation moves atomic activities with loop-invariant input data outside of the loop, reducing the number of activity invocations. Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting} shows an example where the activity \texttt{A2} only has a loop-invariant data dependency on activity \texttt{A1} and can be moved out of the loop. Section~\ref{sec:experiments} features an example of loop-invariant code hoisting.
\paragraph{Loop-invariant code hoisting} moves the loop-invariant code to be executed only once before the loop instead of every loop iteration. With workflow applications, this transformation moves atomic activities with loop-invariant input data outside of the loop, reducing the number of activity invocations. Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting} shows an example where the activity \texttt{A2} only has a loop-invariant data dependency on activity \texttt{A1} and can be moved out of the loop. Section~\ref{sec:transformationexperiments} features an example of loop-invariant code hoisting.
%\begin{figure}[t]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{./figures/transformation-loopInvariantHoisting.pdf}
% \includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-loopInvariantHoisting.pdf}
% \caption{Loop-Invariant Code Hosting.}
% \label{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting}
%\end{figure}
\paragraph{Common subexpression/activity elimination} searches for several instances of identical expressions evaluated to the same value, and replaces them with a variable holding the computed value. We use this transformation in workflow applications to eliminate several invocations of the same activity type with the same input values. In case of an execution path between two invocations, we eliminate the redundant second invocation and connect its involved ports to the output ports of the first invocation. In the example from Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting}, the activities \texttt{B1} and \texttt{B2} share the same activity type and the same input values, and \texttt{B2} is reachable from \texttt{B1}. In this case, we eliminate \texttt{B2} and connect the input ports of activity \texttt{D} with the output ports of \texttt{B1}. Section~\ref{sec:experiments} features an example of common activity elimination.
\paragraph{Common subexpression/activity elimination} searches for several instances of identical expressions evaluated to the same value, and replaces them with a variable holding the computed value. We use this transformation in workflow applications to eliminate several invocations of the same activity type with the same input values. In case of an execution path between two invocations, we eliminate the redundant second invocation and connect its involved ports to the output ports of the first invocation. In the example from Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-loopInvariantHoisting}, the activities \texttt{B1} and \texttt{B2} share the same activity type and the same input values, and \texttt{B2} is reachable from \texttt{B1}. In this case, we eliminate \texttt{B2} and connect the input ports of activity \texttt{D} with the output ports of \texttt{B1}. Section~\ref{sec:transformationexperiments} features an example of common activity elimination.
%\begin{figure}[t]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=.75\columnwidth]{./figures/transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination.pdf}
% \includegraphics[width=.75\columnwidth]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination.pdf}
% \caption{Common subexpression elimination.}
% \label{fig:transformation-CommonSubexpressionElimination}
%\end{figure}
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ There exists no equivalent category in traditional compiler transformations, as
\paragraph{Loop unswitching} moves a conditional activity out of a loop and duplicates the loop in each branch of the condition. This way, the condition is only evaluated once instead of every loop iteration thus simplifying the WEP.
%Applying this transformation to a workflow produces a WEP that only contains a single set of nodes encompassing the loop, instead of a set of nodes within each loop iteration, thus reducing the number of nodes in the WEP.
Section~\ref{sec:experiments} features a loop unswitching example applied to a real-world workflow. The WEP of the original version of this workflow (see Figure~\ref{fig:raincloud-structure1}) features four, respectively three nodes per iteration, while loop unswitching (see Figure~\ref{fig:raincloud-structure2}) reduces it to two, respectively one node per iteration.
Section~\ref{sec:transformationexperiments} features a loop unswitching example applied to a real-world workflow. The WEP of the original version of this workflow (see Figure~\ref{fig:raincloud-structure1}) features four, respectively three nodes per iteration, while loop unswitching (see Figure~\ref{fig:raincloud-structure2}) reduces it to two, respectively one node per iteration.
\paragraph{Loop unrolling} replicates the loop body several times, so that a single iteration of the modified loop does the same computation as several iterations of the original loop, reducing the number of iterations needed to get the same result.
%Applying this transformation to a workflow application allows us to reduce the number of loop iteration nodes in the WEP and the number of invocations of the associated callback function, which improves scalability.
Section~\ref{sec:experiments} features an example of a loop unrolled ten times that reduces the number of loop iteration nodes nodes in the WEP and the number of loop iteration callback invocations by a factor of ten (see Figure~\ref{fig:raincloud-structure3}).
Section~\ref{sec:transformationexperiments} features an example of a loop unrolled ten times that reduces the number of loop iteration nodes nodes in the WEP and the number of loop iteration callback invocations by a factor of ten (see Figure~\ref{fig:raincloud-structure3}).
\paragraph{If optimization} combines consecutive conditional activities with equivalent conditions into a single one, and flattens the nested conditional activities when the inner condition always evaluates to true and the outer condition is true, resulting in a simpler WEP.
%When applied to a workflow application, the WEP of the modified workflow contains fewer conditional nodes and, therefore, features less overhead when traversing the WEP and evaluating the nodes.
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-IfOptimization} shows an example of two consecuti
%\begin{figure}[ht]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=4cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./figures/transformation-IfOptimization.pdf}
% \includegraphics[width=4cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-IfOptimization.pdf}
% \caption{If Optimization.}
% \label{fig:transformation-IfOptimization}
%\end{figure}
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ Examples of transformations that do not modify data access patterns and can be a
\paragraph{Reduction recognition} recognizes array operations (usually the output of a loop) reduced to a single value. Associative reduction operations can be parallelized by splitting the loop and spawning several parallel reduction operations, each reducing a part of the array, followed by a final reduction operation that reduces the partial results.
To be able to recognize activities suitable for parallel reduction, we tag them with an \texttt{associative} tag.
Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-ReductionRecognition} shows an example of a parallel loop producing an array reduced by the activity \texttt{R}. Reduction recognition splits the original loop in several loops that are executed and reduced in parallel by the activities \texttt{Rp}, followed by a final reduction \texttt{Rf}. Section~\ref{sec:experiments} features an example of reduction recognition.
Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-ReductionRecognition} shows an example of a parallel loop producing an array reduced by the activity \texttt{R}. Reduction recognition splits the original loop in several loops that are executed and reduced in parallel by the activities \texttt{Rp}, followed by a final reduction \texttt{Rf}. Section~\ref{sec:transformationexperiments} features an example of reduction recognition.
%This allows us to improve parallel performance because instead of a single activity~\texttt{R} we have several parallel activities~\texttt{Rp} executing at the same time.
%\begin{figure}[ht]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=4cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./figures/transformation-ReductionRecognition.pdf}
% \includegraphics[width=4cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-ReductionRecognition.pdf}
% \caption{Reduction Recognition.}
% \label{fig:transformation-ReductionRecognition}
%\end{figure}
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-CodeHoisting} shows an example workflow containin
%\begin{figure}[ht]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=4cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./figures/transformation-CodeHoisting.pdf}
% \includegraphics[width=4cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-CodeHoisting.pdf}
% \caption{Code Hoisting.}
% \label{fig:transformation-CodeHoisting}
%\end{figure}
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-CodeHoisting} shows an example workflow containin
\paragraph{Software pipelining} parallelizes a sequential loop containing a linear sequence of operations by overlapping the individual loop iterations. This transformation can also be applied to a workflow to improve its parallel throughput.
Figure~\ref{fig:transformation-SoftwarePipelining} shows a workflow consisting of a sequential loop with three activities \texttt{A}, \texttt{B} and \texttt{C} in a pipeline. The index \texttt{i} in the parenthesis refers to the loop iteration. The output of activity \texttt{A(i)} is input into the activity \texttt{A(i+1)} via a loop port, which hinders the use a \texttt{parallel for} loop. Software pipelining executes the activities \texttt{A(i+2)}, \texttt{B(i+1)} and \texttt{C(i)} in parallel, which improves parallelism and reduces the execution time
(see Section~\ref{sec:experiments}).% features an example of software pipelining.
(see Section~\ref{sec:transformationexperiments}).% features an example of software pipelining.
%\begin{figure}[ht]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=6cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./figures/transformation-SoftwarePipelining.pdf}
% \includegraphics[width=6cm,keepaspectratio=true]{./workflowtransformations/figures/transformation-SoftwarePipelining.pdf}
% \caption{Software Pipelining}
% \label{fig:transformation-SoftwarePipelining}
%\end{figure}